AP Biology Exam Review - Clear Biology. Claim An assertion that is based on evidence or knowledge. Claims can be based on the following: natural or human- designed systems and phenomena, observations of the natural world, results of a planned investigation, scientific questions, or answers to a posed question. Concept A single word or a short phrase (e. Amazon.com: Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (7th Edition) (9780321696816): Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey: Books. 62-year-old Highlands resident Dwight Chandler, who lives near the flooded Highlands Acid Pit, examines his flood-damaged home. Photo: AP After a week of storms and. An accepted concept results from an amalgamation of multiple investigations, observations or explanations. The terms “concept,” “law” and “principle” are often used interchangeably when describing scientific knowledge. However, the term “concept” is sometimes used to describe a broad category that includes laws and principles. Evidence Data (from investigations, scientific observations, the findings of other scientists, historic reconstruction and/or archived data) that have been represented, analyzed and interpreted in the context of a specific scientific question. Modes of representing data could include, but are not limited to, verbal summaries, discipline- specific drawings or diagrams, maps, summary charts and tables, frequency plots, bar graphs (histograms), and scatter plots. These representations, based on accepted science knowledge and mathematics processes or procedures, are used to interpret the data in terms of properties, trends or patterns. Interpretations can be represented by linguistic or mathematical models. Hypothesis A type of testable explanation (model) of natural systems or phenomena, or of evidence from an investigation. A hypothesis can be proposed prior to data collection and has the components of an explanation: an assertion (claim), desired evidence related to the claim, and reasoning that connects the assertion and the evidence. Gmail is email that's intuitive, efficient, and useful. 15 GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access.A hypothesis serves the same role as a scientific question in that it guides the collection and interpretation of data that will support the assertion. A hypothesis must be consistent with accepted scientific knowledge, result in predictions that can be tested through further investigations, and be supported (justified) with reasoning (argumentation). For the purpose of these standards, the development of a hypothesis is achieved through the process of question formulation. Prediction An assertion (claim) about what might happen under certain conditions concerning a natural phenomenon or the results of a planned investigation. The assertion (claim) is supported by principles, models, theories about natural phenomena, or previous empirical evidence. Reasoning Scientific principles that provide justification serving as a link between a claim and the evidence related to an explanation, a model, a hypothesis or a prediction. They also provide additional support for how the evidence supports the claim. Justification and reasoning allow the evidence to be linked to explanations within the larger scientific world of theories. These explanations are relevant to theories within a discipline and are linked to the discipline and the larger body of knowledge that accumulates through empirical studies that are accepted and reviewed by peers. Model Refers to “physical, mathematical, and conceptual models [that] are tools for learning about the things they are meant to resemble.”A model can represent physical objects that are too big, too small, too dangerous or unethical for humans to observe or experiment with directly. A model can also represent a concept, principle, law or theory that explains a wide body of evidence that has been gathered in a scientific investigation. While the term “model” can be used to refer to other things, its meaning here is limited to discipline- specific diagrams; flow charts or maps; physical models (e. The terms “model” and “representation” are used interchangeably due to the different applications in different disciplines. Representation A table, graph, equation or diagram that is constructed for the purpose of organizing data. This type of representation differs from that which is created for the purpose of explanation. Scientific Question A question that leads to an empirical investigation (collecting and interpreting data to develop an explanation). Types ofscientific questions include existence, causal/functional and exploratory questions that involve collecting novel data (NOT testing a hypothesis).
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